Despite a ban on rat-hole mining of coal in Meghalaya by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in 2014, illegal coal continues to be extracted and moved across borders of Meghalaya. Illegal coal mining has not only been a nemesis to the environment but also a threat to human lives.

LCW analysis of news reports shows that nearly 60 people either lost their lives or suffered injuries due to illegal coal mining in the state since 2012. Several activists have also been attacked and been given threat calls by alleged mafias for looking into the illegal coal mining issue in the state. These are the officially reported figures, the actual number of people affected due to rat-hole mining is expected to be higher. This figure doesn't include the numbers of villagers affected due to environmental degradation such as polluted water bodies.

Rat-hole mining involves digging 3-4 feet deep tunnels, barely allowing workers to crawl in and out. They have to squat while extracting coal with pickaxes. There are two kinds of rat-hole mining - side-cutting and box-cutting mining. While the side-cutting type of mining is usually done on hill slopes, box-cutting entails digging a circular or squarish pit at least 5 square metres in width up to a depth of 400 feet. In the latter, miners have to drop down in makeshift cranes or using rope-and-bamboo ladders dig horizontally after finding the coal seam. The tunnels are dug in every direction from the edge of the pit, resembling the tentacles of an octopus.

Coal mining in Meghalaya is small-scale and an unorganised venture controlled by individuals who own the land, making it extremely difficult for officials to track these illegal mines.

Activists say commercial coal mining in Meghalaya is too unprofitable to sustain as mining land is leased out as small holdings that are "returned" once the coal is exhausted.

A study on the mining-affected areas in Meghalaya highlighted that water streams and rivers of all three hills (Jaintia, Khasi, and Garo) have been affected by coal mining. The adverse effects are severe in Jaintia Hills as most of the streams in coal mining areas have become highly acidic. Meanwhile, scholarly studies have demonstrated the alarming privatization of land in Meghalaya, where over half the population is now landless.

Back in 2019, a 379-page report, compiled by social activists, urged the Supreme Court to completely ban coal mining in Meghalaya as it has led to severe environmental degradation.

In 2022, another report, prepared by a court-appointed panel, found that the state had overstated the quantity of coal extracted before the ban by 13 lakh metric tonnes. The Meghalaya High Court, which formed the committee to help enforce the coal mining ban in the state, said the latest findings made it “apparent” that “...the state sought to pass off (13 lakh MT of illegally-mined coal) as coal mined before the imposition of the ban”.

A timeline of events shows that in 2012, 30 coal labourers were trapped inside a coal mine at Nongalbibra in the District of South Garo Hills, and 15 of them died inside the coal mine. In December 2018, in a separate fatal accident amidst illegal coal mining, 15 miners trapped by flooding in an illegal coal mine in Ksan village were rescued in Meghalaya's East Jaintia Hills district. In January 2021, six persons died inside a mine after a crane carrying them snapped in the East Jaintia Hills district.

Until 2021, the government had registered some 250-odd cases related to illegal coal mining in the state.

In June 2023, following complaints by locals and exporters, the headman (locally known as Nokma) of Gasuapara village had served an eviction notice to illegal coal kingpin Balwan Soni alias Bhama asking him to leave the Gasuapara Land Customs port within two days. However, there has been no updates on it so far.

While speaking to LCW, one of the sources, who requested anonymity, said, "Illegal mining continues in many parts of the state, including parts of West Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills. Coal-laden trucks are moving to and fro across states and cross-border to Bangladesh. It's too complicated and even though the court has banned it, it has been one of the common sources of income for all owners of land where mining is carried out."

In 2023, social activist Flaming Marak, who complained about the ongoing illegal rat-hole mining in South Garo Hills District, said, "The illegal mining and illegal transportation of coal have not only violated the law of the land and the Constitution of India but it has incurred huge loss of revenue to the state of Meghalaya and also has affected the environment and more importantly due to illegal and unscientific mining has even led to the loss of many precious lives as many labourers and miners have died in many tragic incident while operating the rat-hole mining."

An investigative report, citing Justice Katakey Committee’s findings published in January 2025, revealed that illegal coal mining continues unabated across Meghalaya’s coal-rich districts, with miners exploiting loopholes in enforcement. The report confirmed that over 1,000 trucks carrying illegally mined coal were intercepted in 2024 alone. The committee criticised the state’s inaction and alleged complicity of local officials as it identified over 30,000 abandoned coal mines across Meghalaya, presenting both an environmental hazard and a potential avenue for reactivation. Experts warn that without proper sealing—a process stalled by funding and logistical issues—these mines could fuel illegal operations anew.

The Meghalaya government in February 2025 rejected claims of collusion with illegal miners, asserting that enforcement measures like checkpoints and fines are in place.

Meanwhile, three Escrow agreements were signed on 29 January 2025, by the Controller of Coal, Government of India with the project proponents for mining sites at three locations in the state.

On 17 March 2025, Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad Sangma inaugurated Meghalaya’s first ‘scientific coal mining’ project at Byndihati in the East Jaintia Hills district. The move drew criticism from activists and environmentalists.